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THEOLOGICA GERMANICA
Written by: Unknown Posted on: 03/31/2003
Category: Classic Christian Library
Source: CCN
THEOLOGIA GERMANICA
by an Anonymous Author
translated by
Susanna Winkworth
scanned from the 1893 Golden Treasury Series edition
by
John H. Richards
(jhr@elidor.demon.co.uk)
and presented as a Public Domain file on the Internet
March 1995
This work was first discovered and published in 1516 by Martin
Luther who said of it that "Next to the Bible and St. Augustine,
no book has ever come into my hands from which I have learnt more
of God and Christ, and man and all things that are." It has since
appealed to Christians of all persuasions.
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Theologia Germanica
CHAPTER I
Of that which is perfect and that which is in part, and how that
which is in part is done away, when that which is perfect is
come.
St. Paul saith, "When that which is perfect is come, then that
which is in part shall be done away." Now mark what is "that
which is perfect," and "that which is in part."
"That which is perfect" is a Being, who hath comprehended and
included all things in Himself and His own Substance, and without
whom, and beside whom, there is no true Substance, and in whom
all things have their Substance. For He is the Substance of all
things, and is in Himself unchangeable and immoveable, and
changeth and moveth all things else. But "that which is in part,"
or the Imperfect, is that which hath its source in, or springeth
from the Perfect; just as a brightness or a visible appearance
floweth out from the sun or a candle, and appeareth to be
somewhat, this or that. And it is called a creature; and of all
these "things which are in part," none is the Perfect. So also
the Perfect is none of the things which are in part. The things
which are in part can be apprehended, known, and expressed; but
the Perfect cannot be apprehended, known, or expressed by any
creature as creature. Therefore we do not give a name to the
Perfect, for it is none of these. The creature as creature cannot
know nor apprehend it, name nor conceive it.
"Now when that which is Perfect is come, then that which is in
part shall be done away." But when doth it come? I say, when as
much as may be, it is known, felt and tasted of the soul. For the
lack lieth altogether in us, and not in it. In like manner the
sun lighteth the whole world, and is as near to one as another,
yet a blind man seeth it not; but the fault thereof lieth in the
blind man, not in the sun. And like as the sun may not hide its
brightness, but must give light unto the earth (for heaven indeed
draweth its light and heat from another fountain), so also God,
who is the highest Good, willeth not to hide Himself from any,
wheresoever He findeth a devout soul, that is thoroughly purified
from all creatures. For in what measure we put off the creature,
in the same measure are we able to put on the Creator; neither
more nor less. For if mine eye is to see anything, it must be
single, or else be purified from all other things; and where heat
and light enter in, cold and darkness must needs depart; it
cannot be otherwise.
But one might say, "Now since the Perfect cannot be known nor
apprehended of any creature, but the soul is a creature, how can
it be known by the soul?" Answer: This is why we say, "by the
soul as a creature." We mean it is impossible to the creature in
virtue of its creature-nature and qualities, that by which it
saith "I" and " myself." For in whatsoever creature the Perfect
shall be known, therein creature-nature, qualities, the I, the
Self and the like, must all be lost and done away. This is the
meaning of that saying of St. Paul: "When that which is perfect
is come" (that is, when it is known), "then that which is in
part" (to wit, creature-nature, qualities, the I, the Self, the
Mine) will be despised and counted for nought. So long as we
think much of these things, cleave to them with love, joy,
pleasure or desire, so long remaineth the Perfect unknown to us.
But it might further be said, "Thou sayest, beside the Perfect
there is no Substance, yet sayest again that somewhat floweth out
from it: now is not that which hath flowed out from it, something
beside it" Answer: This is why we say, beside it, or without it,
there is no true Substance. That which hath flowed forth from it,
is no true Substance, and hath no Substance except in the
Perfect, but is an accident, or a brightness, or a visible
appearance, which is no Substance, and hath no Substance except
in the fire whence the brightness flowed forth, such as the sun
or a candle.
CHAPTER II
Of what Sin is, and how we must not take unto ourselves any good
Thing, seeing that it belongeth unto the true Good alone.
The Scripture and the Faith and the Truth say, Sin is nought
else, but that the creature turneth away from the unchangeable
Good and betaketh itself to the changeable; that is to say, that
it turneth away from the Perfect to "that which is in part" and
imperfect, and most often to itself. Now mark: when the creature
claimeth for its own anything good, such as Substance, Life,
Knowledge, Power, and in short whatever we should call good, as
if it were that, or possessed that, or that were itself, or that
proceeded from it, - as often as this cometh to pass, the
creature goeth astray. What did the devil do else, or what was
his going astray and his fall else, but that he claimed for
himself to be also somewhat, and would have it that somewhat was
his, and somewhat was due to him? This setting up of a claim and
his I and Me and Mine, these were his going astray, and his fall.
And thus it is to this day.
CHAPTER III
How Man's Fall and going astray must be amended as Adam' Fall
was.
What else did Adam do but this same thing? It is said, it was
because Adam ate the apple that he was lost, or fell. I say, it
was because of his claiming something for his own, and because
of his I, Mine, Me, and the like. Had he eaten seven apples, and
yet never claimed anything for his own, he would not have fallen:
but as soon as he called something his own, he fell, and would
have fallen if he had never touched an apple. Behold! I have
fallen a hundred times more often and deeply, and gone a hundred
times farther astray than Adam; and not all mankind could mend
his fall, or bring him back from going astray. But how shall my
fall be amended? It must be healed as Adam's fall was healed, and
on the self-same wise. By whom, and on what wise was that healing
brought to pass? Mark this: man could not without God, and God
should not without man. Wherefore God took human nature or
manhood upon Himself and was made man, and man was made divine.
Thus the healing was brought to pass. So also must my fall be
healed. I cannot do the work without God, and God may not or will
not without me; for if it shall be accomplished, in me, too, God
must be made man; in such sort that God must take to Himself all
that is in me, within and without, so that there may be nothing
in me which striveth against God or hindereth His Work. Now if
God took to Himself all men that are in the world, or ever were,
and were made man in them, and they were made divine in Him, and
this work were not fulfilled in me, my fall and my wandering
would never be amended except it were fulfilled in me also. And
in this bringing back and healing, I can, or may, or shall do
nothing of myself, but just simply yield to God, so that He alone
may do all things in me and work, and I may suffer Him and all
His work and His divine will. And because I will not do so, but
I count myself to be my own, and say "I," "Mine," "Me" and the
like, God is hindered, so that He cannot do His work in me alone
and without hindrance; for this cause my fall and my going astray
remain unhealed. Behold! this all cometh of my claiming somewhat
for my own.
CHAPTER IV
How Man, when he claimeth any good Thing for his own, falleth,
and toucheth God in His Honour.
God saith, "I will not give My glory to another." This is as much
as to say, that praise and honour and glory belong to none but
to God only. But now, if I call any good thing my own, as if I
were it, or of myself had power or did or knew anything, or as
if anything were mine or of me, or belonged to me, or were due
to me or the like, I take unto myself somewhat of honour and
glory, and do two evil things: First, I fall and go astray as
aforesaid: Secondly, I touch God in His honour and take unto
myself what belongeth to God only. For all that must be called
good belongeth to none but to the true eternal Goodness which is
God only, and whoso taketh it unto himself, committeth
unrighteousness and is against God.
CHAPTER V
How we are to take that Saying, that we must come to be without
Will Wisdom, Love, Desire, Knowledge, and the like.
Certain men say that we ought to be without will, wisdom, love,
desire, knowledge, and the like. Hereby is not to be understood
that there is to be no knowledge in man, and that God is not to
be loved by him, nor desired and longed for, nor praised and
honoured; for that were a great loss, and man were like the
beasts and as the brutes that have no reason. But it meaneth that
man's knowledge should be so clear and perfect that he should
acknowledge of a truth that in himself he neither hath nor can
do any good thing, and that none of his knowledge, wisdom and
art, his will, love and good works do come from himself, nor are
of man, nor of any creature, but that all these are of the
eternal God, from whom they all proceed. As Christ Himself saith,
" Without Me, ye can do nothing." St. Paul saith also, "What hast
thou that thou hast not received?" As much as to say - nothing.
"Now if thou didst receive it, why dost thou glory as if thou
hadst not received it?" Again he saith, "Not that we are
sufficient of ourselves to think anything as of ourselves, but
our sufficiency is of God." Now when a man duly perceiveth these
things in himself, he and the creature fall behind, and he doth
not call anything his own, and the less he taketh this knowledge
unto himself, the more perfect doth it become. So also is it with
the will, and love and desire, and the like. For the less we call
these things our own, the more perfect and noble and Godlike do
they become, and the more we think them our own, the baser and
less pure and perfect do they become.
Behold on this sort must we cast all things from us, and strip
ourselves of them; we must refrain from claiming anything for our
own. When we do this, we shall have the best, fullest, clearest
and noblest knowledge that a man can have, and also the noblest
and purest love, will and desire; for then these will be all of
God alone. It is much better that they should be God's than the
creature's. Now that I ascribe anything good to myself, as if I
were, or had done, or knew, or could perform any good thing, or
that it were mine, this is all of sin and folly. For if the truth
were rightly known by me, I should also know that I am not that
good thing and that it is not mine, nor of me, and that I do not
know it, and cannot do it, and the like. If this came to pass,
I should needs cease to call anything my own.
It is better that God, or His works, should be known, as far as
it be possible to us, and loved, praised and honoured, and the
like, and even that man should vainly imagine he loveth or
praiseth God, than that God should be altogether unpraised,
unloved, unhonoured and unknown. For when the vain imagination
and ignorance are turned into an understanding and knowledge of
the truth, the claiming anything for our own will cease of
itself. Then the man says: "Behold! I, poor fool that I was,
imagined it was I, but behold! it is and was, of a truth, God!"
CHAPTER VI
How that which is best and noblest should also be loved above all
Things by us, merely because it is the best.
A Master called Boetius saith, "It is of sin that we do not love
that which is Best." He hath spoken the truth. That which is best
should be the dearest of all things to us; and in our love of it,
neither helpfulness nor unhelpfulness, advantage nor injury,
gain nor loss, honour nor dishonour, praise nor blame, nor
anything of the kind should be regarded; but what is in truth
the noblest and best of all things, should be also the dearest
of all things, and that for no other cause than that it is the
noblest and best.
Hereby may a man order his life within and without. His outward
life: for among the creatures one is better than another,
according as the Eternal Good manifesteth itself and worketh more
in one than in another. Now that creature in which the Eternal
Good most manifesteth itself, shineth forth, worketh, is most
known and loved, is the best, and that wherein the Eternal Good
is least manifested is the least good of all creatures. Therefore
when we have to do with the creatures and hold converse with
them, and take note of their diverse qualities, the best
creatures must always be the dearest to us, and we must cleave
to them, and unite ourselves to them, above all to those which
we attribute to God as belonging to Him or divine, such as
wisdom, truth, kindness, peace, love, justice, and the like.
Hereby shall we order our outward man, and all that is contrary
to these virtues we must eschew and flee from.
But if our inward man were to make a leap and spring into the
Perfect, we should find and taste how that the Perfect is without
measure, number or end, better and nobler than all which is
imperfect and in part, and the Eternal above the temporal or
perishable, and the fountain and source above all that floweth
or can ever flow from it. Thus that which is imperfect and in
part would become tasteless and be as nothing to us. Be assured
of this: All that we have said must come to pass if we are to
love that which is noblest, highest and best.
CHAPTER VII
Of the Eyes of the Spirit wherewith Man looketh into Eternity and
into Time, and how the one is hindered of the other in its
Working.
Let us remember how it is written and said that the soul of
Christ had two eyes, a right and a left eye. In the beginning,
when the soul of Christ was created, she fixed her right eye upon
eternity and the Godhead, and remained in the full intuition and
enjoyment of the divine Essence and Eternal Perfection; and
continued thus unmoved and undisturbed by all the accidents and
travail, suffering, torment and pain that ever befell the outward
man. But with the left eye she beheld the creature and perceived
all things therein, and took note of the difference between the
creatures, which were better or worse, nobler or meaner; and
thereafter was the outward man of Christ ordered.
Thus the inner man of Christ, according to the right eye of His
soul, stood in the full exercise of His divine nature, in perfect
blessedness, joy and eternal peace. But the outward man and the
left eye of Christ's soul, stood with Him in perfect suffering,
in all tribulation, affliction and travail; and this in such sort
that the inward and right eye remained unmoved, unhindered and
untouched by all the travail, suffering, grief and anguish that
ever befell the outward man. It hath been said that when Christ
was bound to the pillar and scourged, and when He hung upon the
cross, according to the outward man, yet His inner man, or soul
according to the right eye, stood in as full possession of divine
joy and blessedness as it did after His ascension, or as it doth
now. In like manner His outward man, or soul with the left eye,
was never hindered, disturbed or troubled by the inward eye in
its contemplation of the outward things that belonged to it.
Now the created soul of man hath also two eyes. The one is the
power of seeing into eternity, the other of seeing into time and
the creatures, of perceiving how they differ from each other as
afore-said, of giving life and needful things to the body, and
ordering and governing it for the best. But these two eyes of the
soul of man cannot both perform their work at once; but if
the__soul shall see with the right eye into eternity, then the
left eye must close itself and refrain from working, and be as
though it were dead.
For if the left eye be fulfilling its office toward outward
things; that is, holding converse with time and the creatures;
then must the right eye be hindered in its working; that is, in
its contemplation. Therefore whosoever will have the one must let
the other go; for "no man can serve two masters."
CHAPTER VIII
How the Soul of Man, while it is yet in the Body, may obtain a
Foretaste of eternal Blessedness.
It hath been asked whether it be possible for the soul, while it
is yet in the body, to reach so high as to cast a, glance into
eternity, and receive a foretaste of eternal life and eternal
blessedness. This is commonly denied; and truly so in a sense.
For it indeed cannot be so long as the soul is taking heed to the
body, and the things which minister and appertain thereto, and
to time and the creature, and is disturbed and troubled and
distracted thereby. For if the soul shall rise to such a state,
she must be quite pure, wholly stripped and bare of all images,
and be entirely separate from all creatures, and above all from
herself. Now many think this is not to be done and is impossible
in this present time. But St. Dionysius maintains that it is
possible, as we find from his words in his Epistle to Timothy,
where he saith: "For the beholding of the hidden things of God,
shalt thou forsake sense and the things of the flesh, and all
that the senses can apprehend, and that reason of her own powers
can bring forth, and all things created and uncreated that reason
is able to comprehend and know, and shalt take thy stand upon an
utter abandonment of thyself, and as knowing none of the
aforesaid things, and enter into union with Him who is, and who
is above all existence and all knowledge." Now if he did not hold
this to be possible in this present time, why should he teach it
and enjoin it on us in this present time But it behoveth you to
know that a master hath said on this passage of St. Dionysius,
that it is possible, and may happen to a man often, till he
become so accustomed to it, as to be able to look into eternity
whenever he will. For when a thing is at first very hard to a man
and strange, and seemingly quite impossible, if he put all his
strength and energy into it, and persevere therein, that will
afterward grow quite light and easy, which he at first thought
quite out of reach, seeing that it is of no use to begin any
work, unless it may be brought to a good end.
And a single one of these excellent glances is better, worthier,
higher and more pleasing to God, than all that the creature can
perform as a creature. And as soon as a man turneth himself in
spirit, and with his whole heart and mind entereth into the mind
of God which is above time, all that ever he hath lost is
restored in a moment. And if a man were to do thus a thousand
times in a day, each time a fresh and real union would take
place; and in this sweet and divine work standeth the truest and
fullest union that may be in this present time. For he who hath
attained thereto, asketh nothing further, for he hath found the
Kingdom of Heaven and Eternal Life on earth.
CHAPTER IX
How it is better and more profitable for a Man that he should
perceive what God will do with him, or to what end He will make
Use of him, than if he knew all that Gad had ever wrought, or
would ever work through all the Creatures; and how Blessedness
lieth alone in God, and not in the Creatures, or in any Works.
We should mark and know of a very truth that all manner of virtue
and goodness, and even that Eternal Good which is God Himself,
can never make a man virtuous, good, or happy, so long as it is
outside the soul; that is, so long as the man is holding converse
with outward things through his senses and reason, and doth not
withdraw into himself and learn to understand his own life, who
and what he is. The like is true of sin and evil. For all manner
of sin and wickedness can never make us evil, so long as it is
outside of us; that is, so long as we do not commit it, or do not
give consent to it.
Therefore although it be good and profitable that we should ask,
and learn and know, what good and holy men have wrought and
suffered, and how God hath dealt with them, and what He hath
wrought in and through them, yet it were a thousand times better
that we should in ourselves learn and perceive and understand,
who we are, how and what our own life is, what God is and is
doing in us, what He will have from us, and to what ends He will
or will not make use of us. For, of a truth, thoroughly to know
oneself, is above all art, for it is the highest art. If thou
knowest thyself well, thou art better and more praiseworthy
before God, than if thou didst not know thyself, but didst
understand the course of the heavens and of all the planets and
stars, also the dispositions of all mankind, also the nature of
all beasts, and, in such matters, hadst all the skill of all who
are in heaven and on earth. For it is said, there came a voice
from heaven, saying, "Man, know thyself." Thus that proverb is
still true, "Going out were never so good, but staying at home
were much better."
Further, ye should learn that eternal blessedness lieth in one
thing alone, and in nought else. And if ever man or the soul is
to be made blessed, that one thing alone must be in the soul. Now
some might ask, "But what is that one thing?" I answer, it is
Goodness, or that which hath been made good; and yet neither this
good nor that, which we can name, or perceive or show; but it is
all and above all good things.
Moreover, it needeth not to enter into the soul, for it is there
already, only it is unperceived. When we say we should come unto
it, we mean that we should seek it, feel it, and taste it. And
now since it is One, unity and singleness is better than
manifoldness. For blessedness lieth not in much and many, but in
One and oneness. In one word, blessedness lieth not in any
creature, or work of the creatures, but it lieth alone in God and
in His works. Therefore I must wait only on God and His work, and
leave on one side all creatures with their works, and first of
all myself. In like manner all the great works and wonders that
God has ever wrought or shall ever work in or through the
creatures, or even God Himself with all His goodness, so far as
these things exist or are done outside of me, can never make me
blessed, but only in so far as they exist and are done and loved,
known, tasted and felt within me.
CHAPTER X
How the perfect Men have no other Desire than that they may be
to the Eternal Goodness what His Hand is to a Man, and how they
have lost the Fear of Hell, and Hope of Heaven.
Now let us mark: Where men are enlightened with the true light,
they perceive that all which they might desire or choose, is
nothing to that which all creatures, as creatures, ever desired
or chose or knew,
Therefore they renounce all desire and choice, and commit and
commend themselves and all things to the Eternal Goodness.
Nevertheless, there remaineth in them a desire to go forward and
get nearer to the Eternal Goodness; that is, to come to a clearer
knowledge, and warmer love, and more comfortable assurance, and
perfect obedience and subjection; so that every enlightened man
could say: "I would fain be to the Eternal Goodness, what His own
hand is to a man." And he feareth always that he is not enough
so, and longeth for the salvation of all men. And such men do not
call this longing their own, nor take it unto themselves, for
they know well that this desire is not of man, but of the Eternal
Goodness; for whatsoever is good shall no one take unto himself
as his own, seeing that it belongeth to the Eternal Goodness,
only.
Moreover, these men are in a state of freedom, because they have
lost the fear of pain or hell, and the hope of reward or heaven,
but are living in pure submission to the Eternal Goodness, in the
perfect freedom of fervent love. This mind was in Christ in
perfection, and is also in His followers, in some more, and in
some less. But it is a sorrow and shame to think that the Eternal
Goodness is ever most graciously guiding and drawing us, and we
will not yield to it. What is better and nobler than true
poorness in spirit? Yet when that is held up before us, we will
have none of it, but are always seeking ourselves, and our own
things. We like to have our mouths always filled with good
things, that we may have in ourselves a lively taste of pleasure
and sweetness. When this is so, we are well pleased, and think
it standeth not amiss with us. But we are yet a long way off from
a perfect life. For when God will draw us up to something higher,
that is, to an utter loss and forsaking of our own things,
spiritual and natural, and withdraweth His comfort and sweetness
from us, we faint and are troubled, and can in no wise bring our
minds to it; and we forget God and neglect holy exercises, and
fancy we are lost for ever. This is a great error and a bad sign.
For a true lover of God, loveth Him or the Eternal Goodness
alike, in having and in not having, in sweetness and bitterness,
in good or evil report, and the like, for he seeketh alone the
honour of God, and not his own, either in spiritual or natural
things. And therefore he standeth alike unshaken in all things,
at all seasons. Hereby let every man prove himself, how he
standeth towards God, his Creator and Lord.
CHAPTER XI
How a righteous Man in this present Time is brought into hell,
and there cannot be comforted, and how he is taken out of Hell
and carried into Heaven, and there cannot be troubled.
Christ's soul must needs descend into hell, before it ascended
into heaven. So must also the soul of man. But mark ye in what
manner this cometh to pass. When a man truly Perceiveth and
considereth himself, who and what he is, and findeth himself
utterly vile and wicked, and unworthy of all the comfort and
kindness that he hath ever received from God, or from the
creatures, he falleth into such a deep abasement and despising
of himself, that he thinketh himself unworthy that the earth
should bear him, and it seemeth to him reasonable that all
creatures in heaven and earth should rise up against him and
avenge their Creator on him, and should punish and torment him;
and that he were unworthy even of that. And it seemeth to him
that he shall be eternally lost and damned, and a footstool to
all the devils in hell, and that this is right and just and all
too little compared to his sins which he so often and in so many
ways hath committed against God his Creator. And therefore also
he will not and dare not desire any consolation or release,
either from God or from any creature that is in heaven or on
earth; but he is willing to be unconsoled and unreleased, and he
doth not grieve over his condemnation and sufferings; for they
are right and just, and not contrary to God, but according to the
will of God. Therefore they are right in his eyes, and he hath
nothing to say against them. Nothing grieveth him but his own
guilt and wickedness; for that is not right and is contrary to
God, and for that cause he is grieved and troubled in spirit.
This is what is meant by true repentance for sin. And he who in
this Present time entereth into this hell, entereth afterward
into the Kingdom of Heaven, and obtaineth a foretaste there of
which excelleth all the delight and joy which he ever hath had
or could have in this present time from temporal things. But
whilst a man is thus in hell, none may console him, neither God
nor the creature, as it is written, "In hell there is no
redemption." Of this state hath one said, "Let me perish, let me
die! I live without hope; from within and from without I am
condemned, let no one pray that I may be released."
Now God hath not forsaken a man in this hell, but He is laying
His hand upon him, that the man may not desire nor regard
anything but the Eternal Good only, and may come to know that
that is so noble and passing good, that none can search out or
express its bliss, consolation and joy, peace, rest and
satisfaction. And then, when the man neither careth for, nor
seeketh, nor desireth, anything but the Eternal Good alone, and
seeketh not himself, nor his own things, but the honour of God
only, he is made a partaker of all manner of joy, bliss, peace,
rest and consolation, and so the man is henceforth in the Kingdom
of Heaven.
This hell and this heaven are two good, safe ways for a man in
this present time, and happy is he who truly findeth them.
For this hell shall pass away, But Heaven shall
endure for aye.
Also let a man mark, when he is in this hell, nothing may console
him; and he cannot believe that he shall ever be released or
comforted. But when he is in heaven, nothing can trouble him; he
believeth also that none will ever be able to offend or trouble
him, albeit it is indeed true, that after this hell he may be
comforted and released, and after this heaven he may be troubled
and left without consolation.
Again: this hell and this heaven come about a man in such sort,
that he knoweth not whence they come; and whether they come to
him, or depart from him, he can of himself do nothing towards it.
Of these things he can neither give nor take away from himself,
bring them nor banish them, but as it is written, "The wind
bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof,"
that is to say, at this time present, "but thou knowest not
whence it cometh, nor whither it goeth." And when a man is in one
of these two states, all is right with him, and he is as safe in
hell as in heaven, and so long as a man is on earth, it is
possible for him to pass ofttimes from the one into the other;
nay even within the space of a day and night, and all without his
own doing. But when the man is in neither of these two states he
holdeth converse with the creature, and wavereth hither and
thither, and knoweth not what manner of man he is. Therefore he
shall never forget either of them, but lay up the remembrance of
them in his heart.
CHAPTER XII
Touching that true inward Peace, which Christ left to His
Disciples at the last.
Many say they have no peace nor rest, but so many crosses and
trials, afflictions and sorrows, that they know not how they
shall ever get through them. Now he who in truth will perceive
and take note, perceiveth clearly, that true peace and rest lie
not in outward things; for if it were so, the Evil Spirit also
would have peace when things go according to his will which is
nowise the case; for the prophet declareth, "There is no peace,
saith my God, to the wicked". And therefore we must consider and
see what is that peace which Christ left to His disciples at the
last, when He said: "My peace I leave with you, My peac
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